Vital Statistics- Uses, weaknesses,Formula’s and Methods 1.Registration Method 2. Census Enumeration Method 3.Survey Method 4.Sample Registration Method 5.Analytical Method



Vital Statistics :  Vital Statistics mean the data pertaining to the vital events of a population under reference, especially with regard to births,deaths, ,marriages, health, migration, etc. In the present times ,Vital Statistics not only consider the number of people but also quality of human life.

       The events covered under  Vital Statistics: Vital Statistics maintains the records of marriages, divorce, adoption, legitimation, recognition, annulment and legal separation, live births, deaths, foetal deaths, still births, sickness, etc,It is a part of demography.

  Uses of Vital Statistics:
      i.    Analysis of demographic trend
     ii.    Legal Value
    iii.    Help in Planning of health services
    iv.    Planning of medical research and eradication of diseases.
     v.    Use in public administration
    vi.    Useful to actuaries
   vii.    Basis of social reforms

   Weaknesses of Registration of Vital Statistics:
     i.    Incompleteness of Reporting
    ii.    Lack of Uniformity
   iii.   Voluntary registration
   iv.    Incomplete Coverage
    v.    Lack of Accuracy
   vi.   Lack of Training

     Methods of Collection of  Vital Statistics:
     There are five methods usually followed for collection of vital statistic namely,
    1.   Registration Method
    2.   Census Enumeration Method
    3.   Survey Method
    4.   Sample Registration Method
    5.   Analytical Method

      1.  Registration Method: The registration of vital events like births, deaths, marriages, etc., is compulsory in india  and several other countries through an act. In india , the Act is known as 'The Registration of Births, Deaths Act. 1969. Unfortunately, the act is not enforced stictly.
               In case of birth, the information with regard to date of birth, place, name, religion, and occupation of the parents has to be supplied to the registering authority of the area. 

               In case of Death , the information in respect of date of death, name  of the deceased, father's/husband's name, actual address, place of death, age sex, marital status, nationality, religion, and cause of death are to be reported to the registration authority of the area.

      2.  Census Enumeration Method: A census is a comprehensive profile of the population of a country. Census operation is carried out almost in all countries of the world once in ten years. In a census operation, the heads of the people of a country  in all habitational areas are counted along with additional information about their age, sex, marital status, occupation, religion, and other socio-economic factors as demand necessary from time to time. The census operation is carried out in a limited period of about five days.
       The main drawback of the census method is that it provides information for the census year only and not beyond it.

       3.   Survey Method: There are many regions where the registration offices/officers either do not exist or are not functioning effectively. In areas, surveys are conducted from time to time to collect data for vital statistics. These surveys add to the completeness of vital statistics.

       4. Sampling Regisirauon System (S.R S): Vital rates are required from time to tine to have a clear picture about fertility, growth and death rates. Such an information for a particular period is
usually not available during the intercensal year. Hence, for any period, rates are obtained through
Sampling registration system. These rates help in monitoring the ongoing family planning and wel
fare programmes and also to płan further to achieve the desired objectives.

                    Sample registration of births and deaths is carried out in almost all parts of the country by selecting a fairly large sample under the agis of  Registrar General and Census Commissioner. Sampling registration system came into operation in July, 1968 in urban areas and in 1967 in rural areas. Under this scheme, a large number of census blocks are randomly selected in rural and urban areas separately as sampling units. The sample covers less than one per cent of the population. Regular information about births, marriages and deaths is collected by the appointed recorders. Also periodic enumeration is done for each family in the selected blocks by a team of investigators. The anomalies found in the daily records and periodic (half-yearly) enumeration are removed by revisiting the families in doubt by a new team of investigators.

                     Presently, the scheme of permanent house marking has been in operation so as to maintain full coverage at the time of half-yearly checking. Once the survey is complete, all old sampling units are replaced by new ones based on the frame of the latest census.
Following factors are studied under sampling registration system:
     
             At all-India level
  (a) Infant mortality.
  (b) Age specific mortality rates in rural areas.
  (c) Sampling variability of vital rates.
 
            At state level
  (a) Differences in birth rates in respect of education, religion and parity.
  (b) Extent of institutional and domiciling event.
  (c) Sex ratio of vital statistics.
  (d) Seasonality in birth and death rates.

    The main advantage of S.R.S. is that it provides estimates for rural and urban areas separately. A
series of estimates every six month enable the the planners to revise or continue their programmes
accordingly 


 Lacunae of sample registration system: The sampling regıstration  system fails to record:
    1) volume of migration in the sample areas.
    2) age and sex composition
    3) errors in matching


        5.  Analytical methods for estimating vital statistics or rates:
     Ad-hoc surveys cannot be conducted as soon as we desire to know the vital statistics or rates for any period in between two censal years. All the more such surveys are time consuming and too expensive. Also many errors creep in due to sampling and non-sampling errors. Many a times, the
information becomes obsolete by the time sample estimates are available. Hence, analytical methods.
which are nothing but the mathematical devices to get the estimates from the available data, are generally useful. These methods are based en certain assumptions and thus provide good estimates provided the assumptions hold true. The most prominent of all assumptions is that population grows at a constant rate.


Formula for estimating the population of region or place in a given intercensal year.
     
        Knowing well the following information:

P0-population of the region in the previous census

P1- population of the region in he succeeding census

N- number of gap years between two census

n- number of gap years between the and given the previous year census

The interpolation formula for the population estimate Ṕt  in the year t is,
           
                  Ṕt   = P0  +  n/N (P1 -P0)



The above formula provides very good estimate provides the population grows  at a constant intercensal rate through out the year.

Algebraic formula to estimate the population for an intercensal year 't'
 having known the number of births , deaths, migrants.

    If the information about

 P0 - population of the  previous census say 0  year
 B - number of births between 0 and  t
 D - number of deaths between 0 and t
 I  - number of migrants between 0 and t
 E - block of emigrants from 0 and t 
      is available the estimate Pt of the population for the year 't' is obtained by the formula
   
                      Ṕt   = P0  + (B -D) (I -E)



Formula for Vital rate:
    
                                No. of persons in a population covered under the event 
   vital rate of an event    =                                               divide by 
                                                         Total no. of persons in the population under reference

    

Measures of fertility, Measures of Mortality, specific fertility rates, will be discussed tomorrow.

       A R Statistics

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