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DEMOGRAPHY: Demography refers to mathematical and statistical study of changes in Size and Composition of popyulation, Marriages and Fertility, Mortility, Migration and Social Mobility. Demography is the study of vital statistics of a population i.e. deaths and births. (Dictionary) In simple terms demography is the scientific study of human population. Book recommendations:     Methods and Material of Demography by Shryock and Sieged , * The qualitative and substentative studies of population are covered under population studies. * Determinants and consequencesof population trends by population division of UN . Demographic Process: The different demographic processes are,  * Fertility * Marriage * Mortality * Migration * Social Mobolity Demographic Cycle: There are five stages of demographic cycle, viz. *High Stationary *Early expanding * Late expanding * Low Stationary * Declining India 1920: High Stationary India Today: Late Expanding Tools of D

                                    Definition : Population studies focuses on demographic information and trends within the human                      population.                      Objectives of Population studies : 1- To analyze the Growth and Distribution of population. 2-  To Study the Age and Sex composition of the population. 3- To analyze the changing pattern of the population in this world. 4- To understand the scope and importance of population studied with the other branches of science and arts.  Population studies is also known as demography. The term Demography means study of both Qualitative and Quantitative aspects of human population. Qualitative aspects are Sociological factors such as: * Education Quality * Crime * Development * Diet and Nutrition * Race * Social Class * Wealth, Well Being Quantitative aspects are expressed in numbers such as: * Composition * Density * Distribution * Growth * Movement * Size * Structure o

                          BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF ECONOMICS                 Economics is the branch of knowledge that studies human  behaviour  relalated to  their  choices,  preferences, cost, production, consumption, distribution, exchange and policy  issues.       Economics is related to the basic economic problem -Scarcity. Scarcity is the mismatch between the limited ( or scarce) resources and refers and principally limitless wants. Resources are scare in relation to human wants. This situation requires people to make decisions about how to allocate resources efficiently, in order to satisfy basic needs and as many additional wants as possible. In summary, Economics as a branch of knowledge provides some insights about how to optimality allocate these scare resources in order to get the maximum welfare out of it.             Contemporary economics is  related to the development and  policy issues such as poverty, Hunger, Climate change, environmental health, Agricu

                                         Historical Note on Probability                        Probability theory like many other branches of mathematics, evolved out    of  practical consideration. It had its origin in the 16th century when an Italian physician and mathematician Jerome Cardan (1501–1576) wrote the first book on the subject “Book on Games of Chance” (Biber de Ludo Aleae). It was published in 1663after his death. In 1654, a gambler Chevalier de Metre approached the well known French Philosopher and Mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) for certain dice problem. Pascal became interested in these problems and discussed with famous French Mathematician Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665). Both Pascal and Fermat solved the problem independently. Besides, Pascal and Fermat, outstanding contributions to probability theory were also made by Christian Huygenes (1629– 1665), a Dutchman, J. Bernoulli (1654–1705), De Moivre (1667–1754), a Frenchman Pier

                                    Historical Note of Statistics       ‘Statistics’ is derived from the Latin word ‘status’ which means a political state. This suggests that statistics is as old as human civilisation. In the year 3050 B.C., perhaps the first census was held in Egypt. In India also, about 2000 years ago, we had an efficient system of collecting administrative statistics, particularly, during the regime of Chandra Gupta Maurya (324-300 B.C.). The system of collecting data related to births and deaths is mentioned in Kautilya’s Arthshastra (around 300 B.C.) A detailed account of administrative surveys conducted during Akbar’s regime is given in Ain-I-Akbari written by Abul Fazl. 2019-20        Captain John Graunt of London (1620-1674) is known as father of vital statistics due to his studies on statistics of births and deaths. Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705) stated the Law of Large numbers in his book “Ars Conjectandi’, published in 1713.